Energy & Climate Risk: Saudi Aramco warns the Middle East oil supply crisis is worsened by underinvestment in refining, noting about 3 million bpd of capacity shut between 2020 and 2023 and that disruptions around the Strait of Hormuz have removed roughly 14 million bpd from global markets. Urban Mobility & Air Quality: Riyadh’s Royal Commission for Riyadh City (RCRC) launched a flexible working hours initiative across six work zones to ease peak traffic and support a more “sustainable urban setting,” with staggered arrivals over a four-hour window. Heat & Hajj Safety: New analysis flags climate change as shrinking the “heat-safe” window for Hajj, even as mitigation efforts help—raising pressure to tackle carbon emissions at the source. Disaster Resilience: Saudi Arabia joined BRICS DRR talks in Puri (June 3–5), focusing on resilient infrastructure, early warning systems, and disaster-risk financing. Chemicals & Health: Australia faces renewed scrutiny over paraquat, a toxic herbicide banned in 70 countries including Saudi Arabia, after links to serious health risks resurfaced. Marine & Shipping Emissions Reality: Shipowners warn Net Zero goals are colliding with geopolitical instability and fuel constraints, with Strait of Hormuz disruptions and costly detours (including via Saudi Red Sea ports) reshaping routes. Biodiversity & Conservation: Saudi Arabia marked the first onager birth in over 100 years, a rare-species milestone for conservation.